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<title>&#8216;Psychological Issues in Teenage pregnancy&#8217;</title>
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  <o:LastAuthor>Dr Diana Birch</o:LastAuthor>
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<body lang=3DEN-US style=3D'tab-interval:36.0pt'>

<div class=3DSection1>

<p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><b style=3D=
'mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><b style=3D=
'mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'>&#8216;Psychological
Issues in Teenage pregnancy&#8217;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-tab=
-count:
6'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </spa=
n>Dr
Diana ML Birch<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-tab-count:7'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp=
;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp=
;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp=
;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>Director Youth Support<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>A.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Teenage sexual belief systems.</sp=
an></b><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'> <sup>(1)=
</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style=3D'm=
so-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style=3D'm=
so-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'>That
old black magic ...<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>The challenge of developing sexual feelings and urges strikes at the
core of our beliefs about the world, who we are and the meaning of our live=
s.
How can we understand this challenge and the sexual belief systems of young
people? Any assessment is inevitably influenced by our own beliefs and we m=
ust
take care to retain objectivity, listening to our young patients rather than
imposing our own interpretations on their situations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Where do these belief systems stem from?<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Parental, cultural and relig=
ious
beliefs and myths form a basis upon which the more contemporary<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#8216;up market&#8217; beliefs are
built - for instance the current peer group stance or the &#8216;dish of the
day' in terms of the media 'hero'.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The immedi=
ate
message can be as evanescent as the foibles of the pop charts - as
professionals, we need to keep abreast of what the latest &#8216;no 1&#8217=
; is
teaching our youth.</span><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-=
bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>These belief systems, however bizarre and contrary to our own perso=
nal
beliefs are at least tangible. We can understand where they stem from and we
can to some extent modify them with appropriate input in the style of cogni=
tive
therapy, sex education etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>In psychotherapeutic terms we can say that they are messages from t=
he
internalised Parental ego state (Transactional analysis), in simple terms t=
he
parental 'do this' 'don't do that' voices we carry around in our heads like=
 a
nagging conscience. Freudians would call this the superego. <o:p></o:p></sp=
an></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>The intensity of these messages can be modified by educating or
activating the Adult ego state (ego), the 'thinking' part of our inner selv=
es
which deals with factual knowledge. <b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal=
'><span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span></b>For instance group beliefs such=
 as
&quot;You can't get pregnant the first time&quot; or &quot;It's OK if you d=
o it
standing up&quot; can be confronted with factual knowledge such as '1 in 20
pregnant schoolgirls got pregnant as a result of the first time they had se=
x'
and 'sperm can swim up hill'!<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>But at a deeper level, we have beliefs that are out of reach of dir=
ect
social pressures. At this deeper level are what I would describe as 'magical
beliefs'. Intrinsic ideas with a high emotional content, a feeling of insti=
nct
and intuition and which may have no perceivable basis in current reality.<s=
pan
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>These 'magical beliefs' acqu=
ired
at an early stage of development may be ascribed to the Child ego state (TA=
) or
perhaps the Id (Freud). They are very firmly adhered to largely out of
awareness and profoundly affect the individual's sexual and reproductive
practices. Failure to understand such beliefs can entirely sabotage a treat=
ment
or contraceptive programme. 'Magical beliefs' centre on fundamental concepts
such as feelings about self, body and control and on the nature of life its=
elf.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>The adolescent during psychological development is much preoccupied
with the question &quot;Who am I?&quot; confusion inevitably arises when
&quot;Who am I?&quot; becomes &quot;Who are we?&quot;.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Establishing a personal
identity can be an almost impossible task for a pregnant adolescent who
suddenly finds that her identity is changing beyond her control, she is no
longer a 'little girl', she is a fertile woman. The role of mother is thrust
upon her before she has established her own identity, hence the belief that=
 she
cannot get pregnant and the frequent denial of pregnancy.<o:p></o:p></span>=
</p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&quot;I knew about sex=
 and
how girls could get pregnant, but I never thought it would happen to me.&qu=
ot;</span></i><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:=
p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Many girls deny they can become pregnant. They believe that they are
too young.</span><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font=
-size:
10.0pt'> <sup>(2)</sup></span><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'> Belief in the impossibility of pregnancy can be=
come
almost a 'magical protection' like a lucky charm used against the evil eye
'well it won't happen to me'. These teenagers are still at the stage of
concrete reasoning and cannot identify with the experiences of others. <sup=
>(3;4;5;6;7)
</sup>They believe fervently in the invincibility of youth. This explains w=
hy
health education methods based on 'shock tactics' do not work with this age
group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&quot;My grandad smoke=
d and
he got cancer. I've been smoking since I was thirteen but I'm OK&quot;.<o:p=
></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&quot;You hear about t=
hings
happening to other people but you never think it will happen to you. When my
friend got pregnant, I sort of thought she must have been a bit stupid but =
then
I realised that I hadn't come on (with a period) and I realised that I had =
been
doing the same as her.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Operating at this basic level and being unable to identify with the
experiences of others means that young people (or adults who have not 'matu=
red'
psychologically) at this stage cannot learn from others mistakes, and perha=
ps
can only learn from their own. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Teenage sexuality is profoundly affected by beliefs about control. A
feature of adolescent development is an internalising of the 'locus of cont=
rol'
ie an assumption of responsibility for one's actions and one's body. Many do
not reach this stage, remain with an external locus of control and believe =
that
they have no control over their bodies or actions. They are not in control =
of
when they have sex and they are unable to control whether they get pregnant.
They are not responsible. Pregnancy is something which 'happens' to them. I=
t is
a matter of fate. <sup>(8)</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Many South London girls said that they hoped they would not get
pregnant but never considered doing anything to prevent it. <sup>(9;10)</su=
p>
Such girls are accustomed to having little control over their circumstances.
They live in poor housing, have little money, do badly at school and are un=
able
to change their environment.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>When an unplanned pregnancy occurs this represents the ultimate loss=
 of
control, even their bodies are acting independently of their wishes. <o:p><=
/o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>In fact, within this belief system there appears to be an element of
belief in the 'autonomous womb'.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbs=
p;
</span>It is as if the teenager believes that the body consists of three ar=
eas;
the non sexual body over which one can exert some control in, for instance
running, walking; the sexual erotic areas which are under less control but =
can
be fun to use such as the penis, breasts and vagina; and the third area over
which there is no control, the womb.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>The belief in the autonomous womb explains why teenagers do not beli=
eve
that sex will result in pregnancy. It also explains some of the denial.<o:p=
></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&quot;Well, I knew <b
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>someone </b>was pregnant, but I didn'=
t know
it was me.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Missed periods, feeling ill and tired, putting on weight and feeling
the baby move all add evidence to bring home to a girl the realisation that=
 she
is pregnant. Despite this one fifth of schoolgirls do not face up to the
situation until a third person, their mothers or sisters tell them that they
are pregnant. Girls seem to be spurred into taking action by missing further
periods, and lull themselves into a false sense of security in the middle of
the month.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>It is as if each
expected, but missed period reminds them that they could be pregnant and sh=
ould
be doing something about it, whereas as this danger time passes they can de=
ny
it again with another 'magical belief'<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbs=
p;
</span>- &#8220;Well, perhaps I was only a little bit pregnant.&quot;<o:p><=
/o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Lack of control is at the basis of the teenagers notoriously poor u=
se
of contraception. Only 7% of London pregnant schoolgirls have ever used
contraception. Young girls deny to themselves that they are having sex and
convince themselves that if they do end up in bed with a boy, this is a 'on=
ce
off' and not a regular happening. This denial is a protective mechanism. Th=
ey
are conditioned into believing that girls who have sex or want sex are 'slu=
ts'
so they must convince themselves that they are 'not like that'.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The belief is that unp=
lanned
sex is an accident. Nobody can be blamed for the occasional slip, for 'gett=
ing
carried away', 'swept off her feet' ... the cliches are endless. However
premeditated sex is inexcusable <sup>(11;12;13;14)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span>=
</p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&quot;I never thought =
I'd be
doing anything like that. I went to a party and I suppose I got a bit carri=
ed
away, you know how it is.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&quot;I did think of g=
oing
on the pill but then I thought, if he finds out he won't want to go out wit=
h me
any more, he'll think I planned it all.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Hence belief systems interact. The table illustrates how the various
levels of belief systems influence sexual behaviour such as contraceptive u=
se.
Similar analyses could be made of other behaviours. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'>B.
The Self Esteem Study<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>In order to explore the
relationship between ideas of self and sexuality, a research model compared=
 a
control group (secondary school age girls) a group of pregnant schoolgirls
(aged 13-15) and a group of schoolgirl mothers with children at least 2yrs =
old.
<sup>(15;16;17)</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>The groups were invest=
igated
by - <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;line=
-height:
12.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>&middot;<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roma=
n"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>A self esteem measure, <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;line=
-height:
12.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>&middot;<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roma=
n"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>A 'deprivation score'<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>looking at life experiences<o:p></=
o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;line=
-height:
12.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>&middot;<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roma=
n"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>A 'sexual' scale estimating degree of sexual
experience or sexual trauma<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Girls who were more
deprived, had lower self esteem but those who were pregnant were less affec=
ted
by these adverse factors. Similarly those with adverse sexual experiences w=
ere
generally more deprived and had lower self esteem measures. Again the pregn=
ant
girls were less affected.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>It would seem that pre=
gnancy
partially protects the individual from threats to self worth but the effect=
 is
temporary. By the time the child is two the harsh realities of life take th=
eir
toll once more. The temporary nature of this boost to self esteem may accou=
nt
for repeat pregnancy, in an attempt to re-establish identity with the count=
er
culture and redefine alternative dimensions of value.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Why does it seem that pregnancy is=
 such
a potent source of self value?<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-style:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-style:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'>&quot;
... Seen from the young girl's viewpoint, pregnancy may not be so undesirab=
le.
Certainly it brings heartache and hardship, the extent of which should not =
be
underestimated, but for underpriviledged girls with little education and non
existent job prospects, motherhood is a fulfilment. With the birth of her b=
aby
a 'failed' school drop out, an unemployable misfit, becomes an acceptable
member of society with a valued role - that of a mother. She is successful =
and
out of her loveless world she has created her own baby who will love her.&q=
uot;<sup>
(18)</sup><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>In pregnancy, a girl
identifies with the ideal mother which she never had and can never be. We n=
eed
to help her to identify instead with the ideal woman who has no need to be
pregnant in order to achieve self value.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Pregnancy can be used =
by
some deprived girls as a source of self worth and as a false solution to th=
eir
problems. That being so, an alternative solution must be offered. They must=
 be
given a different way of valuing themselves in order to ensure that,<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>when they become
pregnant,<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>this is
because they desire parenthood with all its responsibilities,<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>hardships and joys and<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>not merely as the only perceived e=
scape
from a catalogue of problems.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>C. Repetitive Patterns=
 </span></b><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>- <o:p></=
o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Why do girls
&#8216;repeat&#8217; their pregnancy experiences?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Girls with multiple relationships can progress from one relationshi=
p to
another and repeat the experience without seeming to &#8216;learn&#8217; fr=
om
the previous situation. A<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>high
level of emotional<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>flexibilit=
y and
a kind of resilience can protect them from some of the knocks while
&#8216;enabling&#8217; further continuance of this inherently damaging patt=
ern.
<sup>(19)</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>The same could be said of repeating the experience of pregnancy and
childbirth.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>If bringing up a =
child
is hard and girls are just coping with a baby - or two, or<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>three - why<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>have another? Why repeat the exper=
ience?
- particularly if it is not an entirely &#8216;wanted&#8217; event.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>It is interesting<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>to look at this repetition in term=
s of
failure to &#8216;work through&#8217; a painful experience.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The girl enters into -
&#8216;falls into&#8217; - the next scenario while she is still reeling from
the first.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>She has no time in=
 which
to &#8216;lick her wounds&#8217;, take in the experience, learn from it and=
 so
modify her future reactions.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>=
In
general a traumatic event is followed by a reaction which gradually dampens
with the passage of time and settles in resolution. That initial impact cou=
ld
be a conception, a pregnancy, childbirth, or a partner leaving.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Let us consider the stages of &#8216;recovery&#8217; from such a
&#8216;trauma&#8217;.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>The ini=
tial
strong reaction - the &#8216;outcry&#8217; - is followed by a period of den=
ial
when we don&#8217;t really want to deal with the situation and we would rat=
her
it &#8216;went away&#8217;. As the denial period progresses, the
&#8216;victim&#8217; is confronted by reminders which nudge reality back in=
to
the scene ... intrusive thoughts and memories of what has really happened s=
top
us from continuing in the denial process.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&=
nbsp;
</span>Constant reminders and confrontation of denial allow a period of
&#8216;working through&#8217; to be entered into when we can come to terms =
with
what has happened and this results in completion and acceptance of our
situation. It is only by working through all these stages and arriving at
understanding, accepting and fully realising our situation that we can stop=
 it
happening again. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>So how is the process applicable to repetition of pregnancy?<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>At each stage we could see h=
ow a
girl could either &#8216;work through&#8217; to the next stage ... or be
blocked in the process. The &#8216;blocks&#8217; can be derived from her so=
cial
circumstances, by the presence of other types of emotional assaults or other
traumas in her life or by the too rapid arrival of another man on the scene=
 or
another pregnancy. Basically she may not get time to deal with one stage and
move on to the next before another &#8216;trauma&#8217; raises it&#8217;s h=
ead.
Any of such influences will arrest the recovery process and in fact send her
&#8216;back to square one&#8217;. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Each time she is sent back to &#8216;Go&#8217; she will find it that
much harder to stay on the path and will experience repeated re-experiences=
 of
the same harmful route - she is as if trapped in a mad game of
&#8216;Monopoly&#8217; never able to throw the right dice to get her &#8216=
;out
of jail&#8217;.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'>D.
Pregnancy as a Maturation Experience.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center;line-height:=
12.0pt'><b
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size=
:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Leading on from our discussion of self worth and the manner in which
young women with unfulfilling life experiences,<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>with abusive childhoods and
with<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>poor future prospects can
&#8216;use&#8217; their pregnancies as a source of self worth .. it is
worthwhile considering what else a pregnancy could contribute to the emotio=
nal
changes and developments going on for that young woman in adolescence.<o:p>=
</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>The pregnant girl can identify with the foetus and concretise her
experience of the &#8216;inner child&#8217; in her developing baby; this al=
lows
her another chance to be &#8216;loved this time&#8217; by<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>the &#8216;ideal&#8217; mother.<sp=
an
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>It also results in a confusion bet=
ween
container and contained <sup>(20)</sup> and thus confusion of the boundaries
between<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>the mother&#8217;s<sp=
an
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#8216;self&#8217;<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>and the baby&#8217;s &#8216;self&#=
8217;<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>- preparing the ground for an over=
ly
symbiotic attachment and problems in separation and individuation.<sup> (21=
)</sup>
Many of the theories and factors put forward above could be said to be nega=
tive
and perhaps interfering with &#8216;normal&#8217; maturation and development
but are there aspects of childbearing for the young women that could be
described as positive and beneficial?<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>If in pregnancy a young woman is identifying with - and almost beco=
ming
- the &#8216;inner baby&#8217;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </spa=
n>-
will the development of this inner baby allow for the re-experiencing of the
same stages of development by the young mother? Just as she can be loved and
wanted again as a &#8216;new baby&#8217;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&n=
bsp;
</span>- looking at the experience from a rather psychoanalytical point of =
view
- can<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>she have another chance=
 at
&#8216;getting it right&#8217; for other emotional<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>or &#8216;psychic&#8217; aspects o=
f<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>her<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes=
'>&nbsp;
</span>development?<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </sp=
an><i
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>&#8220; ... It<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>is striking that despite advances =
in
contraception and the easy availability of<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>=
&nbsp;
</span>termination of pregnancy,<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </s=
pan>a
considerable number of teenage girls still become pregnant and some become
mothers.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>For many of<sp=
an
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>them the normal developmental cris=
es of
puberty and adolescence,<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>foll=
owed
by that of first pregnancy and motherhood,<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>=
&nbsp;
</span>facilitated further psychic growth ....&#8221;</i><sup> (22)</sup><o=
:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Certainly there are situations where pregnancy does seem to afford =
an
opportunity for &#8216;psychic growth&#8217; , for maturation and personal
development. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>There are also unfortunately times where the &#8216;traumatic
nature&#8217; of the pregnancy and birth experience afford the opposite<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>- where the experience can seem to=
<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#8220;... revive primitive anxiet=
ies
and conflicts<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>... which cause=
 them
to regress&#8221; (Pines 1988) and where the<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#8220;... birth of a real baby may
prove disastrous&#8221;.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>That=
 is
&#8216;real&#8217;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>baby as op=
posed
to &#8216;fantasy&#8217; baby or &#8216;ideal&#8217; baby.<o:p></o:p></span=
></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>So what makes the difference?<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>What turns the potentially positive experience of pregnancy and
childbirth into a negative and vice versa? The key to the question lies in =
the
girl&#8217;s &#8216;object relations&#8217; - in other words how she sees h=
er
self and the world around her - how she experienced her world and thus hers=
elf
as a child.<sup>(23)</sup>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>To very much<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>oversimp=
lify
for the sake of this current discussion - Just as the young mother experien=
ces
some of her world as &#8216;good&#8217; and some as &#8216;bad&#8217; - she=
 has
in childhood internalised a view of<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>her mother as the &#8216;good mother&#8217; or the &#8216;bad
mother&#8217; and thus also a &#8216;good internal object&#8217; and &#8216=
;bad
internal object&#8217;.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>If we
develop the premise that the foetus is the &#8216;child within&#8217; with
which the mother identifies<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>-=
<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>then that inner child can be also =
be
seen as<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#8216;bad&#8217; or
&#8216;good&#8217; depending on the expectant woman&#8217;s previous life
experience.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>The baby is an embodiment of the girl&#8217;s &#8216;object
relations&#8217; and the conception can thus be the stage upon which the ea=
rly
drama which defined the nature of the &#8216;internal objects&#8217; can be
replayed .. and hopefully altered for the better.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>If , as is hopefully most usual, the child represents the idealised
mother - the child is the &#8216;good object&#8217; ... but if the child
represents the hated mother - the child becomes the &#8216;bad object&#8217=
;.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>In other words if the &#8216;action
replay&#8217; that we are allowed in identification with<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>this developing &#8216;new baby&#8=
217;
evokes feelings of the existence of a perfect &#8216;idealised
mother&#8217;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>- then this
experience will be positive and lead to growth and positive maturation and
change. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>If however the &#8216;action replay&#8217; evokes the revival of
memories of the neglectful and rejecting mother of say an abused girl - then
the baby will be perceived as an unloving rejecting being who becomes unwan=
ted,
unlovable and rejected<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>- the
experience leads to regression and is more likely to lead to a need for fur=
ther
repetition ... another try .. another hope that it might be different .. mi=
ght
be better.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>The way the pregnancy / birth experience is perceived will very much
depend on how the mother herself is cared for during the pregnancy.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>If the young mother is being
&#8216;held&#8217; and cared for and nurtured during the pregnancy , the
outcome is likely to be positive<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </s=
pan>-
if not<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>- if the mother is not
&#8216;held&#8217; and cared for herself<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&n=
bsp;
</span>- perhaps boyfriend has left and she has no support - the outcome is
likely to be negative.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>A vuln=
erable
or fragile personality could break down completely under the
&#8216;assault&#8217; of a pregnancy experience.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Hence the experience might be summarised thus :- <o:p></o:p></span>=
</p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D0 cellpadding=3D0
 style=3D'border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.35pt 0cm 5.35pt'>
 <tr>
  <td width=3D49 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:36.85pt;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0cm=
 5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=
=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></s=
pan></b></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=
=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>+ ve</span></b><span
  lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></=
o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=3D308 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:230.75pt;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0=
cm 5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span><=
/p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'>Brings identification with unspoilt self / child<span
  style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>... care for neglected child <o:=
p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=3D189 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:5.0cm;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0cm =
5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'>-&gt; Love and caring for <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>=
baby.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style=3D'mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=3D49 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:36.85pt;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0cm=
 5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=
=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></s=
pan></b></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=
=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>- ve</span></b><span
  lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></=
o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=3D308 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:230.75pt;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0=
cm 5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'>Brings identification with the &#8216;unlovable&#8217; child<span
  style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>-&gt; projection of negative hos=
tile
  feelings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span><=
/p>
  </td>
  <td width=3D189 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:5.0cm;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0cm =
5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'>- &gt; Rage and jealousy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span>of baby.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bid=
i-font-size:
  10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Throughout this discussion<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>- we must maintain the concept in our minds that the vision of
&#8216;self&#8217; as experienced by the mother is completely wound up and
inextricably linked with the vision of &#8216;the object&#8217;. In other w=
ords
the &#8216;object&#8217; which is the mother and at the same time is the ch=
ild
is also the &#8216;self&#8217;.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>&#8220;The special task that has to be solved by pregnancy and beco=
ming
a mother lies within the sphere of distribution and shifts between the cath=
exis
of self representation and object representation&#8221; <sup>(24).</sup><o:=
p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Those mothers who are not &#8216;held&#8217; during their pregnanci=
es
and who thus re-experience their childhood rejection through rejection of t=
heir
pregnancies - may to some extent find that a therapy experience can put rig=
ht
some of those wrongs - In therapy for these girls - they need to find their=
 &#8216;ideal
mothers&#8217; in the professional setting - in the transference - otherwise
they will attempt to &#8216;do it again&#8217; in a slightly different
situation, with a different partner , with a different baby - in the hope t=
hat
this will &#8216;make them good&#8217;.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nb=
sp;
</span>Hence the &#8216;repeaters&#8217;.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Perfect mothers are hard to find!<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'fon=
t-size:
14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-=
font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br clear=3Dall style=3D'page-break-before:always'>
</span></u></b>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u><span lang=
=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>References<o:p></o:p><=
/span></u></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u><span lang=
=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p><span style=3D'te=
xt-decoration:
 none'>&nbsp;</span></o:p></span></u></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(1) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML
&#8220;Teenage sexual belief systems&#8221; Journal of Adolescent Health and
Welfare Vol. 1 no 4 and &#8220;Teenage sexual belief systems - <i
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>That Old Black Magic..</i>&#8221;
International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health Vol 5 No1:37-47 199=
1.<i
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(2) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Zelnick M:
Kantner JF &#8220;Contraceptive patterns and premarital pregnancy among wom=
en
aged 15-19 in 1976&#8221; Family planning perspectives 1978: 10:135-142.<o:=
p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(3) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Blum R.W;=
 Resnick
M.D &#8220;Adolescent Decision making; contraception, pregnancy, abortion,
motherhood&#8221; Paediatric annals 797-805 11:10 1982. <o:p></o:p></span><=
/p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(4) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Piaget J.
&#8220;Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood&#8221; Human
Development 15:1.1972; <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(5) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Coleman J.
&#8220;Identity in Adolescence; Present and future self-concept&#8221; Human
Development 15.1 1972; <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(6) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Babikian =
H;
Goldman A.&#8221;A Study in teenage pregnancy&#8221; Amer.J Psychiatry 1971;
128:111-116.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(7) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Luker K.
&#8220;Taking chances:Abortion and decision not to contracept&#8221;
Berkeley:University of California Press 1976.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(8) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Nowicki S;
Strickland B &#8220;A locus of control scale for children&#8221; Journal of
consultation and Clinical Psychology 1973; 40:148.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(9) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML
&#8220;Schoolgirl pregnancy in Camberwell; A population study of inner city
schoolgirl pregnancies, motherhood and two year follow up&#8221; MD Thesis
University of London 1986;</span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(10) </span></sp=
an><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML
&#8220;Are you my sister, Mummy?&#8221; Published by Youth Support Publicat=
ions
ISBN 1 870717 00 7 1987.</span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(11) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Katchadourian H. &#8220;Adolescent Sexuality&#82=
21;
Paediatric clinics of North America 1980; 27:17-28.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(12) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Bury JK; Harrison N. &#8220;A young people&#8217=
;s
advisory service&#8221; Health Bulletin 1982; 40:133-139.<o:p></o:p></span>=
</p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(13) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Russo JF. &#8220;Impact of pregnancy on adolesce=
nt
physical, psychological and socioeconomic development&#8221; North Carolina
Medical Journal 1984; 45:39-40.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(14) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span>De=
Amicis
LA; Klorman R; Hess DW; McAnarney ER&#8221;A comparison of unwed pregnant
teenagers and nulligravid sexually active adolescents seeking
contraception&#8221; Adolescence 16 : 11-20 1981.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(15) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch D.M.L. &#8220;A study of Self Esteem
Measurement in Schoolgirl Pregnancy&#8221; MSc Thesis London University 198=
9.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(16) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML &#8220;Challenges to Self Worth&#8221;=
 in
Inner Worlds and Outer Challenges 1992 - republished as &#8216;Inner
Worlds&#8217; 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(17) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML &#8220;The Self Esteem Study&#8221; in
&#8216;The Child that Rocks the Cradle&#8217; 1996 Youth Support Publicatio=
ns
ISBN 1 870717 08 2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(18) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML &#8220;Schoolgirl Pregnancies&#8221; in
&#8216;Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol.7&#8217; Chapter 5 -Editor
John Studd; Longman 1989.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(19) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML; &#8216;The Child that Rocks the
Cradle&#8217; 1996 Youth Support Publications ISBN 1 870717 08 2.<o:p></o:p=
></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(20) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Bion WR; &#8220;Attention and Interpretation&#82=
21;
Tavistock 1970.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(21) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML: &#8220;Symbiosis and Separation&#8221=
;<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>p 55-57 in &#8220;Bonds and Bounda=
ries -
Child protection and the family&#8221;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbs=
p;
</span>Youth Support Publications ISBN 1 870717 05 8 1994.<o:p></o:p></span=
></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(22) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Pines D. &#8220;Adolescent Pregnancy and
Motherhood&#8221; Psychoanalytic Inquiry 8 :234-251 1988<o:p></o:p></span><=
/p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(23) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML; &#8220;Reflections&#8221; in<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#8220;Inner Worlds&#8221; 1996<o:=
p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(24) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Bibring GL; Dwyer TF; Huntingdon DS; Valenstein =
AF;
&#8220;A study of the psychological processes in pregnancy and of the earli=
est
mother-child relationship&#8221; Psychoanalytical studies of childhood 16: =
9-72
1961.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u><span lang=
=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p><span style=3D'te=
xt-decoration:
 none'>&nbsp;</span></o:p></span></u></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

</div>

<span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font=
-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-langua=
ge:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br clear=3Dall
style=3D'page-break-before:always;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=3DSection2>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

</div>

<span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font=
-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-langua=
ge:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br clear=3Dall
style=3D'page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=3DSection3>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:36.0pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font=
-weight:
normal'><u><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:=
10.0pt'>La
Psicologia della Gravidanza Adolescente<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:216.0pt;text-indent:36.0pt'><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </spa=
n>Dr
Diana ML Birch<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-tab-count:7'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp=
;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp=
;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp=
;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>Director Youth Support<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>A. Il credo sessuale d=
ei
giovani.</span></b><sup><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bi=
di-font-size:
10.0pt'> (1)</span></sup><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:=
p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style=3D'm=
so-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.=
0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8216;Quella Vecchia =
magia
?..&#8217;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>La prova presentata tramite lo svilluppo delle emozioni sessuali<sp=
an
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>colpisce direttamente al centro del
nostro essere,<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>i credi relati=
vi
all&#8217; ambiente, a noi stessi, ed a cosa significa la nostra vita. Come
comprendere questa prova ed i sistemi di fede sessuale dei giovani? Qualsia=
si
analisi e` inevitabilmente influenzata dai nostri credi personali e dobbiamo
rimanere sempre allerti nel mantenere un&#8217; obbiettivita`, ascoltando i
nostri giovani pazienti evitando le nostre interpretazioni sulle loro
situazioni.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Da dove nascono questi credi?<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>Fiabe e credi parentali, religiosi, e culturali costuiscono una base
sulla quale sono costruiti credi piu contemporanei - per esempio, le idee
correnti nel circolo degli amici della stessa eta` oppure il &#8216;piatto =
del
giorno&#8217; nel senso dell&#8217; eroe della <i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-st=
yle:
normal'>&#8216;Media&#8217;</i>. Il messaggio immediato purtroppo puo` esse=
re
evanescente come le civetterie del <i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>=
&#8216;Hit
Parade&#8217;</i>. Noi professionisti dobbiamo mantenerci al corrente di che
cosa insegna l&#8217;ultimo &#8216;Numero uno&#8217; ai nostri giovani.<o:p=
></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Questi credi , nonostante i loro caratteri bizzarri e contrari alla
nostra fede personale, sono almeno raggiungibili.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Possiamo capire le loro origini e
possiamo modificarli un po` con metodi appropriati<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>nello stile di terapia cognitiva,
educazione<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>sessuale ecc. In t=
ermini
psicoterapeutici possiamo dire che sono messaggi dall&#8217; Ego parentale
interno (Transactional Analysis), detto semplicemente - le voci &#8216;fa
questo&#8217; , &#8216;non fare quest&#8217;altro&#8217; che conserviamo ne=
lla
nostra mente come una coscienza predicante. I Freudiani lo chiamerebbero il
&#8216;Super Ego&#8217;.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>L&#8217;intensita` di questi messaggi puo`` essere modificata
attraverso educazione dell&#8217; &#8216;Adulto&#8217; interno (Ego),
l&#8217;aspetto interno che pensa e si preoccupa dei fatti e delle informaz=
ioni
. Per esempio: i credi del tipo - &#8220;Non e` possibile rimanere incinta =
la
prima volta&#8221; oppure &#8220;Non e` possibile &#8216;in piedi&#8217;
..&#8221;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>possono essere
confrontati con informazioni fattuali<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>&#8220;Una ragazza su 20 e` rimasta incinta &#8216;la prima
volta&#8217;&#8221; e &#8220;Spermatozoi nuotano bene anche in salita!&#822=
1;.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Ad un livello piu` profondo abbiamo dei credi all&#8217; infuori de=
lla
zona della diretta<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>pressione
sociale. Sono credi della zona detta &#8216;magica&#8217;. Idee intrinsiche=
 con
alto contenuto emozionale , un senso d&#8217;instinto ed intuizione, che
purtroppo non hanno qualsiasi base nella realta` corrente. Questi credi
&#8216;magici&#8217; acquistati durante una fase<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>primordiale dello svil=
uppo
possono essere attribuiti all` ego infantile - il bambino interno (TA) oppu=
re
all&#8217; &#8216;Id&#8217; (Freud). Sono fortemente seguiti piu` che altro
fuori della coscienza ed influiscono profondamente sulle pratiche sessuali e
riproduttive dell` individuo. Senza una capacita` di comprendere questi cre=
di
possiamo rendere completamente ineffettivo un programma di anti concezione.=
 La
&#8216;zona magica&#8217; si occupa di idee fondamentali appositi alla
personalita`, al corpo, al controllo, ed alla natura della vita stessa.<o:p=
></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:329.45pt 658.9pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>L&#8217;adolescente, durante lo sviluppo psicologico, e` molto
preoccupato con il problema &#8220;Chi sono&#8221;. C&#8217;e` confusione
quando la domanda &#8220;Chi sono?&#8221; diventa &#8220;Chi
siamo?&#8221;.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Il problema<sp=
an
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>di stabilire un&#8217; identita`
personale puo`` diventare impossibile per la ragazza che trova che la sua
identita` sta cambiando fuori del suo controllo , non e` piu` una bambina, =
ma
una donna fertile. Si trova<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>&#8216;madre&#8217; prima di aver stabilito la propria identita`, co=
si`
ha origine l&#8217;idea di non poter diventare gravida e la frequente negaz=
ione
della gravidanza.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8216;Ero al corrente=
 dei
fatti sessuali e come le ragazze diventino gravide, ma non avrei mai pensato
che potesse succedere a me&#8217;</span></i><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'fon=
t-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Ragazze negano la possibilita` di gravidanza. Credono di essere tro=
ppo
giovani.</span><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-s=
ize:
10.0pt'> <sup>(2)</sup></span><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>. Credere nel&#8217; impossibilita` della concez=
ione
puo` quasi diventare una &#8216;protezione magica&#8217; come se fosse un
amuleto utilizzato contro il malocchio &#8216;Beh, a me non puo`
succedere&#8217;. Questi giovani sono ancora alla fase di ragionamento conc=
reto
e non possono identificare con le esperienze degli altri <sup>(3;4;5;6;7)</=
sup>.
Credono fervidamete nell&#8217; invincibilita` della gioventu`. Cosi` si sp=
iega
la ragione perche` istruzione per una buona salute basata sulle tattiche de=
llo
shock non fruische con ragazzi di quest&#8217; eta`.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8216;Nonno fumava ed=
 e`
morto di cancro. Io ho fumato da quando avevo tredici anni ma io sto
bene.&#8217;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8216;Si sente che ce=
rte
cose avvengono ad altre persone, ma non si pensa mai che possano succedere a
noi. Quando una mia amica e` rimasta incinta , ho pensato che lei dovrebbe
essere stata un po` stupida , pero` mi sono resa conto che a me mancavano le
mestruazioni<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>e che io mi ero
comportata nella stessa maniera.&#8217;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8220; Mi sono convin=
ta di
non essere incinta ... mi sono scomparse le mestruazioni<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>... vomitavo tutte le mattine .. m=
a ero
convinta che non fosse possibile<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>.... Sono troppo giovane!&#8221;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Funzionando su questo livello fondamentale e non essendo capaci
d&#8217;identificare con le esperienze degli altri risulta nell&#8217;
incapacita`<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>di poter imparare=
 dagli
sbagli dei altri, e forse possono soltanto imparare dai loro.<o:p></o:p></s=
pan></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>La sessualita` adolescente e` profondamente influenzata dai credi e
idee di controllo. Un aspetto dello sviluppo adolescente<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>e` l&#8217;internalizzazione del
&#8216;locus&#8217; di controllo. Si puo` dire un assunto di responsabilita`
per le proprie azioni e proprio corpo. Alcune persone non arrivano mai a qu=
esto
punto, rimangono con un &#8216;locus&#8217; di controllo esterno e credono =
di
non avere qualsiasi controllo delle loro azioni o dei loro corpi. Non contr=
ollano
quando hanno rapporti sessuali oppure quando concepiscono. Non sono
responsabili. La gravidanza &#8216;avviene&#8217; - e` un fatto del destino=
. <sup>(8)</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Molte ragazze Londinesi dissero che speravano di non diventare grav=
ide
ma non hanno mai considerato qualsiasi azione preventiva <sup>(9;10)</sup>.
Queste ragazze sono abituate ad avere un minimo di controllo delle loro
circonstanze. Hanno abitazioni inferiori, hanno pochi soldi, hanno pochi
successi a scuola, e non hanno la possibilita` di influenzare il loro ambie=
nte.
Un parto non voluto rappresenta l&#8217;ultima perdita di controllo, anche<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>il corpo agisce fuori della loro
volonta`.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>In fatti incorporato in questo credo sembra che ci sia un elemento =
di
credere nell&#8217; idea dell&#8217;&#8216;Utero autonomo&#8217;. E` come s=
e la
giovane &#8216;teenager&#8217; creda che il corpo consiste di tre zone; il
corpo asessuale su il quale si puo` esercitare una misura di controllo dura=
nte
per esempio le attivita` di camminare, correre; la zona sessuale erotica su=
lla
quale si puo` esercitare meno controllo benche` sia<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>divertente ad usare seni, vagina; =
ed una
terza zona sulla quale non esiste qualsiasi controllo, l&#8217;utero.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Il credo dell&#8217; utero autonomo
spiega perche` i giovani non credono che l&#8217;atto sessuale possa risult=
are
in una gravidanza. Spiega anche una misura della negazione.<o:p></o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span>&#8220; Lo sapevo che <b
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>qualcuna</b> era incinta ........ ma =
non
avrei mai pensato che fossi io stessa!&#8221;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Mestruazioni perse, sentendosi male e stanca, diventando piu` grass=
a e
accorgersi del movimento del feto - tutte queste cose<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>danno<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>prova<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>alla ragazza della realta` che pot=
rebbe
infatti<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>essere incinta. Nonos=
tante
questi &#8216;ammonimenti&#8217; il venti per cento delle scolare non
apprezzano la loro situazione finche` un&#8217; altra persona, sua madre op=
pure
sua sorella si accorge della gravidanza. Sembra che le ragazze siano spinte
verso la verita` con ogni mestruazione mancante ma si convincono che non
c&#8217;e` problema - un falso senso di sicurezza, a meta` del mese.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>E` come se ogni attesa ma mancata
mestruazione ricordi loro che potrebbero essere incinte e che dovrebbero pr=
endere
qualche misura adatta,<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>mentre
quando e` passato questo momento di pericolo, possono negare di nuovo con un
altro credo &#8216;magico&#8217; - &#8220;Beh, forze ero solo un pochettino
gravida&#8221;.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Mancanza di controllo e` alla base dell&#8217; insufficiente uso di
anti concezione. Soltanto il sette per cento di ragazze madri<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Londinesi hanno mai utilizato meto=
di
anti concezionali.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Le ragazze
negano che hanno rapporti sessuali regolari e si convincono che se si trova=
no a
letto con un ragazzo - e` un fatto isolato, non un avvenimento regolare. Qu=
esta
negazione e` un meccanismo protettivo.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbs=
p;
</span>Sono condizionate a credere che le ragazze che desiderano sesso o fa=
nno
l&#8217;amore sono puttane - allora si devono convincere che non sono cosi`=
. Il
credo e` che sesso non premeditato e un incidente. Nessuna puo` essere
condannata essendo stata spinta dalla passione del momento.<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Pero` il sesso premeditato non e`
permesso. <sup>(11;12;13;14)</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8220; Non avrei mai
pensato che fossi capace di comportarmi cosi`. Ero a una festa, e si vede c=
he
mi sono coinvolta in un momento di passione ..lo sai come e`&#8221;<o:p></o=
:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8220;Si, ho consider=
ato la
pillola, ma poi ho pensato, se lui si accorge non vorra`<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>piu` venire con me<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>- penserebbe che ho premeditato
tutto&#8221;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>I sistemi di fede, i credi , sono interattivi. Insieme influiscono
sull&#8217;attivita` sessuale dei giovani (fig 1) . <span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span>Un&#8217; analisi simile potrebbe e=
ssere
applicata ad altra attivita`.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>B.</span></b><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'> <b
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Studio della stima personale.<o:p></o=
:p></b></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Per esplorare la relazione fra` le idee di<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>se stesso e la sessualita`, un mod=
ello
di ricerca ha studiato la differenza fra` un gruppo di controllo (scolare in
una scuola livello liceo), un gruppo di ragazze incinte (eta` 13 - 15) ed un
terzo gruppo dii ragazze madri con bambini di eta` di almeno due anni.<sup>
(15;16;17)</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>I gruppi sono stati analizzati attraverso :- <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>&middot;<span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </spa=
n></span></span><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Una misur=
a di
stima personale (valori personali).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>&middot;<span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </spa=
n></span></span><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Una sched=
a di
privazione considerando esperienze di vita.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>&middot;<span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </spa=
n></span></span><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Una scheda
sessuale misurando il livello d&#8217;esperienza sessuale e dei traumi
sessuali.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Le ragazze piu&#8217; deprivate e piu&#8217; traumatizzate avevano,
logicamente, misure di stima personale depresse ma quelle che erano incinte
erano meno influenzate da questi fattori iniquiti. In maniera simile quelle=
 con
un piu` alto tasso sessuale erano piu` deprivate e avevano un valore piu` b=
asso
di stima personale. Ancora una volta le ragazze incinte erano meno influenz=
ate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Sembra che la gravidanza protegga parzialmente l&#8217;individuo da=
gli
assalti ai valori personali - pero` l&#8217;effetto e` transitivo. Gia` qua=
ndo
il bambino compie due anni, la realta` crudele della vita di nuovo ferisce
queste giovani mamme. La natura temporanea di questo sollevamento della sti=
ma
personale potrebbe spiegare il frequente avvenimento della ripetizione del
parto - in un attentato di ristabilire contatto con la &#8216;contro
cultura&#8217; (di gravidaza adolescente) e di riaffermare dimensioni
alternative di valore personale. Perche` la gravidanza sembra essere cosi`
importante come fonte di valore personale?<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8220;&#8230;dal punt=
o di
vista della giovane ragazza, la gravidanza forze non sembra cosi` indesider=
ata.
Certamente porta dolore e difficolta` il cui carattere non dovrebbe essere
sotto valorizzato, ma per le ragazze povere con poca istruzione ed un futuro
senza lavoro e speranze, la maternita&#8217; fornisce una soddisfazione.<o:=
p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE=
N-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Con la nascita del suo
bambino, una scolara inutile senza successi, un&#8217; analfabeta inimpiega=
bile
diventa un membro accettabile nella nostra societa`<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>con un ruolo valorizzato - il ruol=
o di
madre. Ha attenuto successo, e dal suo mondo privo di amore ha creato il suo
bambino che l&#8217;amera`.</span></i><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size=
:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>&#8221; <i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>=
<sup>(18)</sup></i><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Essendo gravida la ragazza si identifica con la &#8216;madre
ideale&#8217; che non ha mai avuto e che non potra` mai diventare. Dobbiamo
aiutarla ad identificarsi invece con la &#8216;donna ideale&#8217; che non =
ha
bisogno di essere incinta per acquistare valore personale.<o:p></o:p></span=
></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>La gravidanza puo` essere utilizzata da certe ragazze povere come u=
na
fonte di valore personale ed una soluzione falsa dei loro problemi. Cosi de=
tto
dobbiamo offrire una soluzione alternata. Dobbiamo dar loro un&#8217; altra
maniera di valorizzarsi per essere sicuri che , quando resteranno incinte,
sara` perche` desiderano la maternita` con tutte le sue responsabilita`,
difficolta` e gioie, e non soltanto come l&#8217;unica maniera di sfuggire =
un
insieme di problemi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>C. Cicli di ripetizion=
e.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Perche` le ragazze ripetono le loro esperienze di gravidanza? Ragaz=
ze
con molteplici relazioni possono fare progressi da una relazione all&#8217;
altra e continuare a ripetere senza sembrare di apprendere dalla situazione
precedente.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Un alto livello di
flessibilita` emozionale ed una forma di resilienza le proteggono in parte =
dai
traumi mentre facilitano la continuazione di questa ricetta nociva. <sup>(1=
9)</sup>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Si potrebbe suggerire lo stesso argomento per la ripetizione della
gravidanza e del parto. Se allevare un bambino e` difficile e le ragazze ap=
pena
riescono con un figlio, oppure con due, con tre &#8230; perche` dare vita a=
d un
altro? Perche` ripetere l&#8217;esperienza - specialmente non essendo un
avvenimento completamente desiderato? E` interessante considerare questa
&#8216;ripetizione&#8217; in termini di un&#8217; incapacita` di attraversa=
re
un&#8217; esperienza dolorosa.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </spa=
n>La
ragazza entra - oppure cade dentro - nel prossimo scenario mentre ancora
&#8216;sballotta&#8217; dal precedente. Non ha tempo di &#8216;leccare le s=
ue
ferite&#8217;, assorbire l&#8217;esperienza, imparare e cosi` modificare le=
 sue
future reazioni.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p><=
/span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>In generale un avvenimento traumatico e` seguito da una reazione che
gradualmente si sfoga con il passare del tempo e finische in una risoluzion=
e.
Quell&#8217; impatto originale puo` essere una concessione, una gravidanza,
parto, oppure la partenza del ragazzo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Consideriamo le fasi del ricovero da questo trauma. La prima reazio=
ne
(il grido) e` seguito da un periodo di negazione quando non possediamo la
volonta`<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>di affrontare la
situazione e per noi sarebbe preferibile se &#8216;andasse via&#8217;. Ment=
re
il periodo di negazione si sviluppa , la vittima viene confrontata da ricor=
di
che di nuovo introducono la realta&#8217; nel suo presente. Pensieri intrus=
ivi
e memorie di quello che davvero e` successo compromettono di continuare il
processo di negazione. Ricordi costanti con confronti della negazione ci
permettono un periodo di &#8216;lavoro emozionale&#8217; (working through)
durante il quale possiamo assimilare quello che e` avvenuto risultando in un
&#8216;compimento&#8217; ed accettazione della nostra situazione. E` soltan=
do
tramite questo sfogo emozionale attraversando queste fasi ed arrivando ad un
comprendere, un accettare, ed un realizzare della nostra situazione che
possiamo evitare che accada di nuovo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Allora , come applicare questo processo alla ripetizione della
gravidanza? A ogni fase possiamo osservare come la ragazza potrebbe
&#8216;lavorare&#8217; e procedere alla prossima fase<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#8230; oppure potrebbe essere blo=
ccata.
Gli ostacoli<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>possono derivare=
 dalle
sue circostanze sociali, dalla prezenza di altri assalti emozionali o traumi
nella sua vita, dall&#8217; arrivo prematuro di un altro uomo, oppure da una
nuova gravidanza. In fondo puo` accadere che la ragazza non ha tempo di
risolvere una fase e procedere alla prossima prima che si manifesti un nuovo
trauma. Ognuna di queste influenze puo` arrestare il processo di guarigione=
 e
mandarla &#8216;a capo&#8217;.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </spa=
n>Ogni
volta che viene rimandata al punto di partenza si trovera` ancora in piu`
difficolta` per rimanere sulla strada e continuera` a ripetere la stessa via
nociva come se fosse intralciata in un gioco pazzo di &#8216;Monopoly&#8217;
non potendo mai gettare i dadi appositi per uscire dalla prigione. <o:p></o=
:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3D=
EN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>D. La Gravidanza come
aspetto di maturazione.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Continuando dal nostro argomento di stima personale e la maniera ne=
lla
quale le giovani con vita insodisfacente, che hanno sofferto infanzie abusi=
ve e
che hanno povere speranze per il futuro possono &#8216;usare&#8217; le loro
gravidanze come una fonte di valore personale - vale la pena di considerare
cos&#8217;altro una gravidanza puo` fornire ai cambiamenti e sviluppi
emozionali di cosi detta ragazza durante la sua adolescenza.<o:p></o:p></sp=
an></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>La ragazza incinta puo` identificarsi con il feto e concretizzare la
sua esperienza emozionale della &#8216;bambina interna&#8217; nello svillup=
po
attuale del figlio; cosi` acquista una seconda possibilita` di essere
&#8216;amata questa volta&#8217; dalla madre ideale. Allo stesso tempo risu=
lta
anche una confusione fra &#8216;contenitore&#8217; e &#8216;contenuta&#8217=
;<sup>(20)
</sup><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span>e cosi` confusione tra&=
#8217;
i confini fra la persona della madre e la persona del bambino - cosi`
preparando lo scenario per un legame troppo simbiotico con problemi di
separazione ed individuazione. <sup>(21)<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&n=
bsp;
</span></sup>Molte delle teorie e fattori gia` considerati<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>possono dirsi negativi e forse con=
trari
alla maturazione e allo sviluppo normale. Potrebbero esserci aspetti del pa=
rto
per le giovani madri che possano dirsi positivi e benefici?<o:p></o:p></spa=
n></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Se nella gravidanza la ragazza si identifica - e quasi diventa - la
&#8216;bambina interna&#8217; forse lo sviluppo di questo bambino interno
permettera` una nuova esperienza di queste stesse fasi di sviluppo per la
giovane mamma? Nella stessa maniera in cui puo` essere amata e desiderata d=
i nuovo
come una &#8216;bambina nuova&#8217;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
</span>da un punto di vista psicoanalitico potrebbe avere una nuova
opportunita` per aggiustare altri aspetti emozionali o psichici del suo
sviluppo?<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><i
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>&#8220; .. Ci colpisce che nonostante
avanzamenti in anti concezione e la possibilita`<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>dell&#8217;aborto, molte ragazze
rimangono incinte e diventono madri. Per molte le crisi normali
dell&#8217;adolescenza, seguite da quella prima gravidanza e maternita`<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>hanno facilitato la crescita
psicologica&#8221;.<sup> (22)</sup><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Certamente esistono situazioni nelle quali sembra che la gravidanza
offre l&#8217;opportunita` di &#8216;crescita psicologica&#8217; per
maturazione e sviluppo personale. Ci sono pure sfortunatamente, occasioni
quando la natura traumatica della gravidanza e dell&#8217;esperienza del pa=
rto
fornisce l&#8217;opposto, quando l&#8217;esperienza sembra di rianimare anz=
ie e
conflitti primitivi che causano una regressione e dovunque la nascita di un
bambino &#8216;vero&#8217; (all&#8217; opposto di un bambino in fantasia,
oppure il bambino ideale) puo` essere disastroso. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Cosa contribuisce la differenza? Che cosa puo` trasformare un&#8217;
esperienza con potenziale positivo di gravidanza e parto in un&#8217;esperi=
enza
negativa e vice versa? La chiave resta negli &#8220;oggetti interni&#8221;
della ragazza; nella maniera nella quale lei considera il suo mondo e se
stessa, le sue esperienze emozionali del suo ambiente, ed in fondo le
esperienze di se stessa durante la sua infanzia. <sup>(23)</sup><o:p></o:p>=
</span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'>Semplificando; nella stessa maniera in cui la ragazza madre riconos=
ce
una parte del suo mondo come &#8216;buono&#8217; ed una parte
&#8216;cattivo&#8217; - nella sua infanzia ha internalizzato idee della<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>madre come la madre &#8216;buona&#=
8217;
o la madre &#8216;cattiva&#8217;, e cosi</span><span lang=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-b=
idi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>`</span><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso=
-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'> anche &#8216;l&#8217;oggetto buono&#8217; o &#8216;l&#8217;oggetto
cattivo&#8217;. Svilluppando l&#8217;argomento che il feto e` il bambino
interno con cui la madre si identifica - quel bambino interno puo` diventare
&#8216;buono&#8217; o &#8216;cattivo&#8217; in accordo all&#8217;esperienza
precedente della donna incinta.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>Il feto e` l&#8217;impersonalizzazione delle relazioni
&#8216;obbiettive&#8217; della donna e la concezione puo` cosi` diventare il
palcoscenico sul quale viene di nuovo svilluppato il dramma che definisce la
natura degli &#8216;oggetti interni&#8217;.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Se, come speriamo sia piu`la normalita`, =
il
bambino rappresenta la madre idealizzata, il bambino diventa l&#8217;oggetto
buono - pero` se rappresenta la madre odiata - il bambino diventa
l&#8217;oggetto cattivo. Allora se l&#8217;esperienza della risceneggiatura=
 di
questo dramma d&#8217;identificazione evoca emozioni relativi
all&#8217;esistenza di una madre perfetta &#8216;idealizzata&#8217; - allora
quest&#8217; esperienza sara` positiva e ci portera` crescita, maturazione
emozionale e cambiamento positivo. Se pero` la risceneggiatura evoca la
rianimazione delle memorie della madre respingente e abusiva - allora il
bambino sara` visto come un essere respingente ed incapace di amare che div=
enta
indesiderato, non amabile, e respinto, allora questa esperienza porta regre=
ssione
e con maggiore possibilita` puo` provocare un atto di ripetizione ..
un&#8217;altra prova .. ancora un&#8217;altra speranza che questa volta sar=
a`
diverso &#8230; forse meglio.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>La maniera in cui e` concepita la gravida=
nza
dipende anche da come la ragazza viene curata e sostenuta durante questo
periodo. Se la ragazza madre e` &#8216;tenuta&#8217; e curata durante la
gravidanza, il risultato sara` positivo, altrimenti, infatti se la giovane
madre non e` &#8216;tenuta&#8217; - forse perche` il ragazzo la lascia sola=
 e
non ha il sostegno di una famiglia - il risultato sara` negativo. Una
personalita` fragile puo` esaurirsi completamente sotto l&#8217;assalto del=
la
gravidanza.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Allora possiamo semplificare
l&#8217;esperienza cosi`:-<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D0 cellpadding=3D0
 style=3D'border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.35pt 0cm 5.35pt'>
 <tr>
  <td width=3D76 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0cm 5=
.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Positiva<o:p></o:p><=
/span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=3D246 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:184.3pt;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0c=
m 5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Porta identificazion=
e con
  &#8216;se stesso&#8217; / bambino<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&=
nbsp;
  </span>puro (incorrotto)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></s=
pan></p>
  </td>
  <td width=3D246 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:184.3pt;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0c=
m 5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;
  mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New =
Roman";
  mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;mso-no-proof:yes'><=
span
  style=3D'mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings'>&agrave;<=
/span></span><span
  lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'> Amore =
/ cura
  per il bambino<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style=3D'mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=3D76 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0cm 5=
.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Negativa<o:p></o:p><=
/span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=3D246 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:184.3pt;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0c=
m 5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Porta identificazion=
e con
  il bambino non amabile </span><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0p=
t;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti=
mes New Roman";
  mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f=
ont-family:
  Wingdings;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style=3D'mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbo=
l-font-family:
  Wingdings'>&agrave;</span></span><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12=
.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'> proietta ostilita`<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=3D246 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:184.3pt;padding:0cm 5.35pt 0c=
m 5.35pt'>
  <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB
  style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;
  mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New =
Roman";
  mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;mso-no-proof:yes'><=
span
  style=3D'mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings'>&agrave;<=
/span></span><span
  lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'> Furia /
  gelosia del bambino<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Durante questa discussione dobbiamo rende=
rci
conto che l&#8217;idea della persona (di se stesso) nell&#8217;esperienza d=
ella
ragazza madre e` completamente unita all&#8217;idea dell&#8217;
&#8216;oggetto&#8217;.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Cioe`
l&#8217;oggetto che e` la madre, e` allo stesso tempo il bambino, ed e` anc=
he
se stesso.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><i
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>&#8220;L&#8217;opera speciale che deve
essere risolta nella gravidanza e tramite l&#8217;atto di diventare madre
rimane nella sfera di distribuzione e movimenti fra la cathexis di
rappresentazione del soggetto (se stesso) e dell&#8217; oggetto</i>&#8221; =
<sup>(24)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><span lang=3DEN-GB style=
=3D'font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Quelle madri che non sono
&#8216;tenute&#8217; durante la gravidanza e che allora provano di nuovo
il<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>rigetto infantile tramite =
il
rigetto del parto - possono trovare che un corso di psicoterapia puo` corre=
gere
alcuni di tali errori. Nella terapia queste ragazze devono trovare le loro
&#8216;madri ideali&#8217; nell&#8217; ambiente professionista, nella
&#8216;transfert&#8217; (transference) - altrimenti proveranno di &#8216;fa=
rlo
di nuovo&#8217; in una situazione forse poco diversa, con un altro uomo, un
altro bambino, nella speranza che quest&#8217; atto le &#8216;fara`
buone&#8217;.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Cosi` la
ripetizione.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Le madri
perfette non si trovano facilmente!<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font=
-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-langua=
ge:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br clear=3Dall
style=3D'page-break-before:always'>
</span>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'tab-stops:134.7pt'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-=
weight:
normal'><u><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:=
10.0pt'>References<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u><span lang=
=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p><span style=3D'te=
xt-decoration:
 none'>&nbsp;</span></o:p></span></u></b></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(1) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML
&#8220;Teenage sexual belief systems&#8221; Journal of Adolescent Health and
Welfare Vol. 1 no 4 and &#8220;Teenage sexual belief systems - <i
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>That Old Black Magic..</i>&#8221;
International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health Vol 5 No1:37-47 199=
1.<i
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(2) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Zelnick M:
Kantner JF &#8220;Contraceptive patterns and premarital pregnancy among wom=
en
aged 15-19 in 1976&#8221; Family planning perspectives 1978: 10:135-142.<o:=
p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(3) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Blum R.W;=
 Resnick
M.D &#8220;Adolescent Decision making; contraception, pregnancy, abortion,
motherhood&#8221; Paediatric annals 797-805 11:10 1982. <o:p></o:p></span><=
/p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(4) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Piaget J.
&#8220;Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood&#8221; Human
Development 15:1.1972; <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(5) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Coleman J.
&#8220;Identity in Adolescence; Present and future self-concept&#8221; Human
Development 15.1 1972; <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(6) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Babikian =
H;
Goldman A.&#8221;A Study in teenage pregnancy&#8221; Amer.J Psychiatry 1971;
128:111-116.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(7) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Luker K.
&#8220;Taking chances:Abortion and decision not to contracept&#8221;
Berkeley:University of California Press 1976.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(8) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Nowicki S;
Strickland B &#8220;A locus of control scale for children&#8221; Journal of
consultation and Clinical Psychology 1973; 40:148.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(9) </span></spa=
n><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML
&#8220;Schoolgirl pregnancy in Camberwell; A population study of inner city
schoolgirl pregnancies, motherhood and two year follow up&#8221; MD Thesis
University of London 1986;</span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>(10) </span></sp=
an><![endif]><span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML
&#8220;Are you my sister, Mummy?&#8221; Published by Youth Support Publicat=
ions
ISBN 1 870717 00 7 1987.</span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(11) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Katchadourian H. &#8220;Adolescent Sexuality&#82=
21;
Paediatric clinics of North America 1980; 27:17-28.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(12) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Bury JK; Harrison N. &#8220;A young people&#8217=
;s
advisory service&#8221; Health Bulletin 1982; 40:133-139.<o:p></o:p></span>=
</p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(13) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Russo JF. &#8220;Impact of pregnancy on adolesce=
nt
physical, psychological and socioeconomic development&#8221; North Carolina
Medical Journal 1984; 45:39-40.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(14) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span>De=
Amicis
LA; Klorman R; Hess DW; McAnarney ER&#8221;A comparison of unwed pregnant
teenagers and nulligravid sexually active adolescents seeking
contraception&#8221; Adolescence 16 : 11-20 1981.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(15) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch D.M.L. &#8220;A study of Self Esteem
Measurement in Schoolgirl Pregnancy&#8221; MSc Thesis London University 198=
9.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(16) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML &#8220;Challenges to Self Worth&#8221;=
 in
Inner Worlds and Outer Challenges 1992 - republished as &#8216;Inner
Worlds&#8217; 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(17) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML &#8220;The Self Esteem Study&#8221; in
&#8216;The Child that Rocks the Cradle&#8217; 1996 Youth Support Publicatio=
ns
ISBN 1 870717 08 2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(18) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML &#8220;Schoolgirl Pregnancies&#8221; in
&#8216;Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol.7&#8217; Chapter 5 -Editor
John Studd; Longman 1989.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(19) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML; &#8216;The Child that Rocks the
Cradle&#8217; 1996 Youth Support Publications ISBN 1 870717 08 2.<o:p></o:p=
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<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(20) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Bion WR; &#8220;Attention and Interpretation&#82=
21;
Tavistock 1970.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(21) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML: &#8220;Symbiosis and
Separation&#8221;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>p 55-57 in
&#8220;Bonds and Boundaries - Child protection and the family&#8221;<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Youth Support Publications ISBN 1 =
870717
05 8 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
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list:
Ignore'>(22) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Pines D. &#8220;Adolescent Pregnancy and
Motherhood&#8221; Psychoanalytic Inquiry 8 :234-251 1988<o:p></o:p></span><=
/p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
l2 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3DEN-GB><span style=3D'mso-=
list:
Ignore'>(23) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Birch DML; &#8220;Reflections&#8221; in<span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#8220;Inner Worlds&#8221; 1996<o:=
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<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt;mso-=
list:
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list:
Ignore'>(24) </span></span><![endif]><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Bibring GL; Dwyer TF; Huntingdon DS; Valenstein =
AF;
&#8220;A study of the psychological processes in pregnancy and of the earli=
est
mother-child relationship&#8221; Psychoanalytical studies of childhood 16: =
9-72
1961.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:22.0pt;mso-bidi-=
font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

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=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:22.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

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=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:22.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

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=3DEN-GB
style=3D'font-size:22.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></spa=
n></p>

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